Electricity in Europe
Europe generated 5,108 TWh of electricity in 2025, 24% of it from gas. Low carbon sources supplied 61% and carbon intensity was 284 gCO2/kWh. Figures are Ember annual statistics for 2025, with monthly figures through August 2026; they are compiled from national sources and are not real time.
Key Facts
- Europe generated 5,108 TWh of electricity in 2025.
- Gas was the largest source of electricity in Europe in 2025, at 24.0%.
- Low carbon sources supplied 61.0% of Europe's electricity in 2025, and carbon intensity was 284 gCO2/kWh.
- The European Union generated 2,794 TWh of electricity in 2025, with a carbon intensity of 210 gCO2/kWh.
- Russia was Europe's largest electricity generator in 2025, with 1,194 TWh.
- Albania had the lowest carbon intensity of any European country in 2025, at 25 gCO2/kWh.
- 40 European countries have Ember monthly figures, the most recent for August 2026.
Europe and the EU
Ember annual statistics| Region | Generation | Demand | Low carbon share | Carbon intensity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe (2025) | 5,108 TWh | 5,108 TWh | 61.0% | 284 gCO2/kWh |
| European Union (2025) | 2,794 TWh | 2,770 TWh | 71.0% | 210 gCO2/kWh |
Europe's Generation Mix, 2025
| Source | Generation | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Gas | 1,226 TWh | 24.0% |
| Nuclear | 997 TWh | 19.5% |
| Hydro | 817 TWh | 16.0% |
| Coal | 654 TWh | 12.8% |
| Wind | 622 TWh | 12.2% |
| Solar | 444 TWh | 8.7% |
| Bioenergy | 211 TWh | 4.1% |
| Other fossil | 113 TWh | 2.2% |
| Other renewables | 24.8 TWh | 0.5% |
Year by Year
Ember annual statistics, 2000 to 2025Annual statistics through 2025, TWh
| Year | Gas | Nuclear | Hydro | Coal | Wind |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 954 TWh | 1,180 TWh | 768 TWh | 1,221 TWh | 22.3 TWh |
| 2001 | 981 TWh | 1,219 TWh | 775 TWh | 1,222 TWh | 26.8 TWh |
| 2002 | 1,027 TWh | 1,237 TWh | 714 TWh | 1,233 TWh | 36.5 TWh |
| 2003 | 1,105 TWh | 1,255 TWh | 676 TWh | 1,287 TWh | 44.9 TWh |
| 2004 | 1,175 TWh | 1,267 TWh | 735 TWh | 1,249 TWh | 59.9 TWh |
| 2005 | 1,250 TWh | 1,259 TWh | 737 TWh | 1,243 TWh | 71.6 TWh |
| 2006 | 1,279 TWh | 1,264 TWh | 728 TWh | 1,298 TWh | 83.8 TWh |
| 2007 | 1,383 TWh | 1,216 TWh | 732 TWh | 1,303 TWh | 107 TWh |
| 2008 | 1,441 TWh | 1,218 TWh | 749 TWh | 1,255 TWh | 122 TWh |
| 2009 | 1,344 TWh | 1,168 TWh | 755 TWh | 1,139 TWh | 136 TWh |
| 2010 | 1,443 TWh | 1,203 TWh | 806 TWh | 1,145 TWh | 154 TWh |
| 2011 | 1,390 TWh | 1,197 TWh | 725 TWh | 1,191 TWh | 188 TWh |
| 2012 | 1,269 TWh | 1,175 TWh | 783 TWh | 1,251 TWh | 215 TWh |
| 2013 | 1,197 TWh | 1,159 TWh | 836 TWh | 1,216 TWh | 248 TWh |
| 2014 | 1,167 TWh | 1,173 TWh | 810 TWh | 1,142 TWh | 267 TWh |
| 2015 | 1,176 TWh | 1,163 TWh | 797 TWh | 1,121 TWh | 319 TWh |
| 2016 | 1,271 TWh | 1,138 TWh | 830 TWh | 1,064 TWh | 323 TWh |
| 2017 | 1,337 TWh | 1,139 TWh | 763 TWh | 1,032 TWh | 385 TWh |
| 2018 | 1,292 TWh | 1,141 TWh | 828 TWh | 997 TWh | 404 TWh |
| 2019 | 1,330 TWh | 1,140 TWh | 817 TWh | 851 TWh | 463 TWh |
| 2020 | 1,264 TWh | 1,050 TWh | 867 TWh | 728 TWh | 515 TWh |
| 2021 | 1,343 TWh | 1,112 TWh | 860 TWh | 800 TWh | 504 TWh |
| 2022 | 1,287 TWh | 971 TWh | 753 TWh | 850 TWh | 560 TWh |
| 2023 | 1,191 TWh | 966 TWh | 834 TWh | 721 TWh | 617 TWh |
| 2024 | 1,180 TWh | 999 TWh | 899 TWh | 664 TWh | 629 TWh |
| 2025 | 1,226 TWh | 997 TWh | 817 TWh | 654 TWh | 622 TWh |
Source: Ember (ember-energy.org), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Data as of 2025.
Countries
Ranked by generation, each country's latest year| Country | Generation | Largest source | Low carbon share | Carbon intensity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | 1,194 TWh (2025) | Gas 46% | 36% | 447 gCO2/kWh |
| France | 570 TWh (2025) | Nuclear 69% | 95% | 41 gCO2/kWh |
| Germany | 497 TWh (2025) | Wind 27% | 58% | 334 gCO2/kWh |
| United Kingdom | 295 TWh (2025) | Gas 31% | 64% | 222 gCO2/kWh |
| Spain | 288 TWh (2025) | Solar 22% | 75% | 153 gCO2/kWh |
| Italy | 266 TWh (2025) | Gas 47% | 49% | 284 gCO2/kWh |
| Poland | 172 TWh (2025) | Coal 51% | 31% | 591 gCO2/kWh |
| Sweden | 171 TWh (2025) | Hydro 40% | 99% | 35 gCO2/kWh |
| Norway | 161 TWh (2025) | Hydro 90% | 99% | 28 gCO2/kWh |
| Netherlands | 135 TWh (2025) | Gas 35% | 54% | 254 gCO2/kWh |
| Ukraine | 112 TWh (2022) | Nuclear 56% | 72% | 251 gCO2/kWh |
| Finland | 82.3 TWh (2025) | Nuclear 40% | 96% | 57 gCO2/kWh |
| Czechia | 75.4 TWh (2025) | Nuclear 42% | 59% | 401 gCO2/kWh |
| Austria | 73.1 TWh (2025) | Hydro 52% | 84% | 117 gCO2/kWh |
| Belgium | 72.0 TWh (2025) | Nuclear 34% | 75% | 126 gCO2/kWh |
| Switzerland | 65.0 TWh (2025) | Hydro 52% | 98% | 39 gCO2/kWh |
| Greece | 57.9 TWh (2025) | Gas 40% | 48% | 325 gCO2/kWh |
| Portugal | 51.1 TWh (2025) | Hydro 30% | 81% | 128 gCO2/kWh |
| Romania | 49.9 TWh (2025) | Hydro 24% | 68% | 259 gCO2/kWh |
| Belarus | 45.1 TWh (2025) | Gas 57% | 40% | 316 gCO2/kWh |
| Hungary | 40.2 TWh (2025) | Nuclear 40% | 75% | 163 gCO2/kWh |
| Bulgaria | 38.1 TWh (2025) | Nuclear 39% | 72% | 275 gCO2/kWh |
| Serbia | 36.7 TWh (2025) | Coal 65% | 28% | 696 gCO2/kWh |
| Denmark | 34.5 TWh (2025) | Wind 59% | 94% | 100 gCO2/kWh |
| Ireland | 31.3 TWh (2025) | Gas 48% | 48% | 263 gCO2/kWh |
| Slovakia | 29.1 TWh (2025) | Nuclear 66% | 85% | 95 gCO2/kWh |
| Iceland | 18.5 TWh (2025) | Hydro 70% | 100% | 28 gCO2/kWh |
| Slovenia | 14.8 TWh (2025) | Nuclear 39% | 79% | 182 gCO2/kWh |
| Croatia | 14.7 TWh (2025) | Hydro 39% | 76% | 158 gCO2/kWh |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 14.5 TWh (2025) | Coal 56% | 43% | 572 gCO2/kWh |
| Lithuania | 8.84 TWh (2025) | Wind 45% | 78% | 138 gCO2/kWh |
| Albania | 7.11 TWh (2025) | Hydro 94% | 100% | 25 gCO2/kWh |
| North Macedonia | 7.10 TWh (2025) | Solar 31% | 53% | 407 gCO2/kWh |
| Latvia | 6.23 TWh (2025) | Hydro 48% | 74% | 135 gCO2/kWh |
| Estonia | 6.14 TWh (2025) | Other fossil 39% | 60% | 319 gCO2/kWh |
| Kosovo | 5.87 TWh (2025) | Coal 89% | 11% | 902 gCO2/kWh |
| Cyprus | 5.77 TWh (2025) | Other fossil 75% | 25% | 505 gCO2/kWh |
| Moldova | 2.90 TWh (2025) | Gas 64% | 28% | 517 gCO2/kWh |
| Montenegro | 2.46 TWh (2025) | Hydro 59% | 76% | 265 gCO2/kWh |
| Malta | 2.21 TWh (2025) | Gas 82% | 17% | 480 gCO2/kWh |
| Luxembourg | 1.54 TWh (2025) | Solar 31% | 92% | 121 gCO2/kWh |
| Faroe Islands | 490 GWh (2023) | Other fossil 53% | 47% | 361 gCO2/kWh |
| Gibraltar | 220 GWh (2024) | Gas 82% | 0% | 591 gCO2/kWh |
Source: Ember (ember-energy.org), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Data as of 2025.
Latest Month by Country
Ember monthly statistics, each country's latest month| Country | Month | Demand | Carbon intensity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | June 2026 | 81.2 TWh | 371 gCO2/kWh |
| Germany | August 2026 | 40.4 TWh | 299 gCO2/kWh |
| France | August 2026 | 31.3 TWh | 38 gCO2/kWh |
| Italy | August 2026 | 28.4 TWh | 296 gCO2/kWh |
| Spain | August 2026 | 22.9 TWh | 151 gCO2/kWh |
| United Kingdom | July 2026 | 22.8 TWh | 207 gCO2/kWh |
| Poland | August 2026 | 12.7 TWh | 599 gCO2/kWh |
| Netherlands | August 2026 | 10.3 TWh | 278 gCO2/kWh |
| Norway | August 2026 | 9.63 TWh | 31 gCO2/kWh |
| Sweden | August 2026 | 8.82 TWh | 22 gCO2/kWh |
| Ukraine | September 2022 | 7.56 TWh | 301 gCO2/kWh |
| Belgium | August 2026 | 6.62 TWh | 238 gCO2/kWh |
| Finland | August 2026 | 6.38 TWh | 45 gCO2/kWh |
| Austria | August 2026 | 5.54 TWh | 55 gCO2/kWh |
| Switzerland | May 2026 | 5.36 TWh | 54 gCO2/kWh |
| Greece | August 2026 | 5.05 TWh | 284 gCO2/kWh |
| Czechia | August 2026 | 4.81 TWh | 386 gCO2/kWh |
| Portugal | August 2026 | 4.59 TWh | 134 gCO2/kWh |
| Romania | August 2026 | 4.52 TWh | 275 gCO2/kWh |
| Hungary | August 2026 | 4.00 TWh | 180 gCO2/kWh |
| Belarus | March 2026 | 3.85 TWh | 394 gCO2/kWh |
| Denmark | August 2026 | 3.21 TWh | 105 gCO2/kWh |
| Ireland | August 2026 | 2.78 TWh | 321 gCO2/kWh |
| Serbia | July 2026 | 2.76 TWh | 844 gCO2/kWh |
| Bulgaria | August 2026 | 2.74 TWh | 221 gCO2/kWh |
| Slovakia | July 2026 | 2.04 TWh | 76 gCO2/kWh |
| Croatia | August 2026 | 1.93 TWh | 223 gCO2/kWh |
| Iceland | August 2026 | 1.38 TWh | 18 gCO2/kWh |
| Slovenia | August 2026 | 1.06 TWh | 36 gCO2/kWh |
| Lithuania | August 2026 | 1.02 TWh | 101 gCO2/kWh |
| Cyprus | August 2026 | 670 GWh | 518 gCO2/kWh |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | July 2026 | 640 GWh | 679 gCO2/kWh |
| Latvia | August 2026 | 580 GWh | 76 gCO2/kWh |
| Estonia | August 2026 | 580 GWh | 245 gCO2/kWh |
| North Macedonia | June 2026 | 500 GWh | 342 gCO2/kWh |
| Malta | July 2026 | 490 GWh | 532 gCO2/kWh |
| Kosovo | June 2026 | 450 GWh | 950 gCO2/kWh |
| Moldova | August 2026 | 410 GWh | 506 gCO2/kWh |
| Luxembourg | July 2026 | 390 GWh | 108 gCO2/kWh |
| Montenegro | July 2026 | 360 GWh | 555 gCO2/kWh |
Source: Ember (ember-energy.org), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Data as of August 2026.
Cross Border Flows
Physical flows, 2026-08-18 (18 August 2026) to 2026-09-16 (16 September 2026)| Border | First to second | Second to first | Net |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden North-Central (SE2) and Sweden South-Central (SE3) | 3.32 TWh | 0 MWh | Sweden North-Central (SE2) exports 3.32 TWh |
| France and Italy North | 2.21 TWh | 0 MWh | France exports 2.21 TWh |
| France and Great Britain | 1.49 TWh | 181 GWh | France exports 1.31 TWh |
| Spain and Portugal | 1.53 TWh | 27.0 GWh | Spain exports 1.50 TWh |
| Switzerland and Italy North | 1.42 TWh | 23.5 GWh | Switzerland exports 1.39 TWh |
| Italy Centre-North and Italy North | 75.1 GWh | 1.33 TWh | Italy North exports 1.25 TWh |
| Belgium and Netherlands | 5.21 GWh | 1.37 TWh | Netherlands exports 1.36 TWh |
| Austria and Germany and Luxembourg | 329 GWh | 1.02 TWh | Germany and Luxembourg exports 687 GWh |
| Sweden South-Central (SE3) and Sweden South (SE4) | 1.28 TWh | 11.9 GWh | Sweden South-Central (SE3) exports 1.27 TWh |
| Germany and Luxembourg and Netherlands | 576 GWh | 711 GWh | Netherlands exports 134 GWh |
| Belgium and France | 37.6 GWh | 1.18 TWh | France exports 1.14 TWh |
| Austria and Czechia | 5 MWh | 1.18 TWh | Czechia exports 1.18 TWh |
| Hungary and Slovakia | 22.2 GWh | 1.14 TWh | Slovakia exports 1.12 TWh |
| Spain and France | 332 GWh | 813 GWh | France exports 481 GWh |
| Czechia and Germany and Luxembourg | 320 GWh | 744 GWh | Germany and Luxembourg exports 424 GWh |
| Germany and Luxembourg and France | 121 GWh | 941 GWh | France exports 820 GWh |
| Finland and Sweden North (SE1) | 102 GWh | 870 GWh | Sweden North (SE1) exports 768 GWh |
| Italy Centre-South and Italy South | 52.4 GWh | 853 GWh | Italy South exports 801 GWh |
| Czechia and Slovakia | 828 GWh | 55.0 GWh | Czechia exports 772 GWh |
| Germany and Luxembourg and Poland | 735 GWh | 146 GWh | Germany and Luxembourg exports 590 GWh |
| Bidding zone | Exports | Imports | Net |
|---|---|---|---|
| France | 7.39 TWh | 770 GWh | +6.62 TWh |
| Sweden North-Central (SE2) | 3.49 TWh | 823 GWh | +2.66 TWh |
| Netherlands | 2.55 TWh | 851 GWh | +1.70 TWh |
| Sweden North (SE1) | 1.67 TWh | 287 GWh | +1.38 TWh |
| Spain | 1.86 TWh | 840 GWh | +1.02 TWh |
| Bulgaria | 1.13 TWh | 153 GWh | +977 GWh |
| Norway West (NO5) | 1.12 TWh | 211 GWh | +906 GWh |
| Norway North (NO4) | 883 GWh | 23.3 GWh | +860 GWh |
| Czechia | 2.36 TWh | 1.51 TWh | +853 GWh |
| Italy South | 1.05 TWh | 231 GWh | +820 GWh |
| Switzerland | 2.16 TWh | 1.35 TWh | +813 GWh |
| Italy Calabria | 928 GWh | 202 GWh | +726 GWh |
| Germany and Luxembourg | 4.78 TWh | 4.06 TWh | +726 GWh |
| Poland | 1.30 TWh | 1.02 TWh | +275 GWh |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 467 GWh | 283 GWh | +185 GWh |
| Italy Sardinia | 206 GWh | 59.4 GWh | +146 GWh |
| Greece | 328 GWh | 246 GWh | +82.9 GWh |
| Norway South-West (NO2) | 1.26 TWh | 1.21 TWh | +57.3 GWh |
| Denmark West (DK1) | 1.46 TWh | 1.43 TWh | +35.7 GWh |
| Slovakia | 1.21 TWh | 1.22 TWh | -4.57 GWh |
| Albania | 126 GWh | 132 GWh | -5.81 GWh |
| Ireland and Northern Ireland (SEM) | 174 MWh | 103 GWh | -103 GWh |
| Lithuania | 196 GWh | 308 GWh | -112 GWh |
| Malta | 0 MWh | 129 GWh | -129 GWh |
| Slovenia | 677 GWh | 822 GWh | -145 GWh |
| North Macedonia | 202 GWh | 351 GWh | -149 GWh |
| Estonia | 357 GWh | 559 GWh | -202 GWh |
| Latvia | 131 GWh | 386 GWh | -254 GWh |
| Montenegro | 99.4 GWh | 383 GWh | -283 GWh |
| Hungary | 1.16 TWh | 1.55 TWh | -387 GWh |
| Denmark East (DK2) | 155 GWh | 547 GWh | -392 GWh |
| Romania | 362 GWh | 760 GWh | -398 GWh |
| Finland | 774 GWh | 1.17 TWh | -400 GWh |
| Norway Central (NO3) | 362 GWh | 797 GWh | -435 GWh |
| Serbia | 293 GWh | 803 GWh | -510 GWh |
| Italy Sicily | 134 GWh | 749 GWh | -615 GWh |
| Croatia | 331 GWh | 1.01 TWh | -679 GWh |
| Sweden South (SE4) | 581 GWh | 1.43 TWh | -846 GWh |
| Italy Centre-North | 653 GWh | 1.60 TWh | -949 GWh |
| Austria | 1.49 TWh | 2.54 TWh | -1.05 TWh |
| Norway South-East (NO1) | 394 GWh | 1.45 TWh | -1.06 TWh |
| Sweden South-Central (SE3) | 2.30 TWh | 3.53 TWh | -1.23 TWh |
| Italy Centre-South | 384 GWh | 1.64 TWh | -1.25 TWh |
| Portugal | 27.0 GWh | 1.53 TWh | -1.50 TWh |
| Great Britain | 650 GWh | 2.96 TWh | -2.31 TWh |
| Belgium | 477 GWh | 3.00 TWh | -2.52 TWh |
| Italy North | 1.36 TWh | 4.30 TWh | -2.94 TWh |
Metered physical flows across each border over 30 complete days, largest borders first. Net is positive for a zone that exports more than it imports.
Source: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform (transparency.entsoe.eu), CC BY 4.0. Aggregated and converted by World Power Monitor; ENTSO-E does not endorse this site. (ENTSO-E Terms of Use plus CC BY 4.0 for listed data items) Data as of 2026-09-16.