Estonia vs North Macedonia: Electricity Compared
Estonia generated 6.14 TWh of electricity in 2025 and North Macedonia 7.10 TWh, according to Ember. Estonia's largest source was other fossil (38.9%); North Macedonia's was solar (31.1%). Each kWh generated emitted 319 gCO2/kWh in Estonia and 407 gCO2/kWh in North Macedonia. These are Ember annual statistics for 2025, compiled from national sources; they are not real time.
Why this comparison: similar electricity demand on the same continent.
Key Facts
- Other fossil supplied 38.9% of Estonia's electricity in 2025, against 2.4% in North Macedonia.
- Electricity demand rose 11% in North Macedonia between 2020 and 2025, while it fell 9% in Estonia.
- Low carbon sources supplied 59.8% of Estonia's electricity in 2025 and 53.1% of North Macedonia's.
- Electricity demand in 2025 was 8.85 TWh in Estonia and 8.48 TWh in North Macedonia.
Key Figures, 2025
Ember annual statistics| Measure | Estonia | North Macedonia |
|---|---|---|
| Total generation | 6.14 TWh | 7.10 TWh |
| Electricity demand | 8.85 TWh | 8.48 TWh |
| Demand per person | 6.62 MWh | 4.68 MWh |
| Carbon intensity | 319 gCO2/kWh | 407 gCO2/kWh |
| Power sector emissions | 1.96 MtCO2 | 2.89 MtCO2 |
| Low carbon share | 59.8% | 53.1% |
| Largest source | Other fossil 38.9% | Solar 31.1% |
Generation Mix, 2025
Share of generationCarbon Intensity, 1990 to 2025
Ember annual statisticsAnnual statistics through 2025, gCO2/kWh
| Year | Estonia | North Macedonia |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 640 gCO2/kWh | 925 gCO2/kWh |
| 1991 | 636 gCO2/kWh | 866 gCO2/kWh |
| 1992 | 650 gCO2/kWh | 873 gCO2/kWh |
| 1993 | 653 gCO2/kWh | 910 gCO2/kWh |
| 1994 | 650 gCO2/kWh | 898 gCO2/kWh |
| 1995 | 648 gCO2/kWh | 884 gCO2/kWh |
| 1996 | 648 gCO2/kWh | 885 gCO2/kWh |
| 1997 | 648 gCO2/kWh | 879 gCO2/kWh |
| 1998 | 647 gCO2/kWh | 861 gCO2/kWh |
| 1999 | 648 gCO2/kWh | 813 gCO2/kWh |
| 2000 | 634 gCO2/kWh | 823 gCO2/kWh |
| 2001 | 633 gCO2/kWh | 908 gCO2/kWh |
| 2002 | 636 gCO2/kWh | 879 gCO2/kWh |
| 2003 | 639 gCO2/kWh | 813 gCO2/kWh |
| 2004 | 639 gCO2/kWh | 794 gCO2/kWh |
| 2005 | 634 gCO2/kWh | 802 gCO2/kWh |
| 2006 | 632 gCO2/kWh | 769 gCO2/kWh |
| 2007 | 642 gCO2/kWh | 835 gCO2/kWh |
| 2008 | 634 gCO2/kWh | 873 gCO2/kWh |
| 2009 | 621 gCO2/kWh | 818 gCO2/kWh |
| 2010 | 610 gCO2/kWh | 678 gCO2/kWh |
| 2011 | 605 gCO2/kWh | 795 gCO2/kWh |
| 2012 | 592 gCO2/kWh | 820 gCO2/kWh |
| 2013 | 606 gCO2/kWh | 719 gCO2/kWh |
| 2014 | 597 gCO2/kWh | 748 gCO2/kWh |
| 2015 | 573 gCO2/kWh | 634 gCO2/kWh |
| 2016 | 588 gCO2/kWh | 592 gCO2/kWh |
| 2017 | 583 gCO2/kWh | 705 gCO2/kWh |
| 2018 | 574 gCO2/kWh | 597 gCO2/kWh |
| 2019 | 511 gCO2/kWh | 701 gCO2/kWh |
| 2020 | 404 gCO2/kWh | 624 gCO2/kWh |
| 2021 | 450 gCO2/kWh | 565 gCO2/kWh |
| 2022 | 487 gCO2/kWh | 626 gCO2/kWh |
| 2023 | 395 gCO2/kWh | 567 gCO2/kWh |
| 2024 | 344 gCO2/kWh | 512 gCO2/kWh |
| 2025 | 319 gCO2/kWh | 407 gCO2/kWh |
Demand per Person, 1990 to 2025
Ember annual statisticsAnnual statistics through 2025, MWh
| Year | Estonia | North Macedonia |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | n/a | n/a |
| 1991 | n/a | n/a |
| 1992 | n/a | n/a |
| 1993 | n/a | n/a |
| 1994 | n/a | n/a |
| 1995 | n/a | n/a |
| 1996 | n/a | n/a |
| 1997 | n/a | n/a |
| 1998 | n/a | n/a |
| 1999 | n/a | n/a |
| 2000 | 5.43 MWh | 3.36 MWh |
| 2001 | 5.67 MWh | 3.29 MWh |
| 2002 | 5.68 MWh | 3.32 MWh |
| 2003 | 6.03 MWh | 3.69 MWh |
| 2004 | 6.25 MWh | 3.76 MWh |
| 2005 | 6.34 MWh | 4.09 MWh |
| 2006 | 6.67 MWh | 4.21 MWh |
| 2007 | 7.28 MWh | 4.32 MWh |
| 2008 | 7.21 MWh | 4.37 MWh |
| 2009 | 6.64 MWh | 4.01 MWh |
| 2010 | 7.30 MWh | 4.23 MWh |
| 2011 | 7.03 MWh | 4.63 MWh |
| 2012 | 7.35 MWh | 4.41 MWh |
| 2013 | 7.35 MWh | 4.23 MWh |
| 2014 | 7.38 MWh | 4.18 MWh |
| 2015 | 7.02 MWh | 4.12 MWh |
| 2016 | 7.70 MWh | 3.91 MWh |
| 2017 | 7.92 MWh | 3.91 MWh |
| 2018 | 7.92 MWh | 3.92 MWh |
| 2019 | 7.36 MWh | 4.06 MWh |
| 2020 | 7.31 MWh | 4.10 MWh |
| 2021 | 7.37 MWh | 4.33 MWh |
| 2022 | 7.37 MWh | 3.99 MWh |
| 2023 | 6.61 MWh | 3.85 MWh |
| 2024 | 6.75 MWh | 3.85 MWh |
| 2025 | 6.62 MWh | 4.68 MWh |
Estonia history · North Macedonia history
Source: Ember (ember-energy.org), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Data as of 2025.